积分与数列极限综合
Example
设 \(a_{n}=\displaystyle \int_{0}^{1} x^{n}\cdot \sqrt{ 1-x^{2} } \mathrm{~d} x\),\(b_{n}=\displaystyle \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \sin ^{n}x \mathrm{~d} x\),求 \(\displaystyle \lim_{ n \to \infty }\sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{a_{n+k}}{b_{n+k}}\).
对 \(a_{n}\) 做三角换元:\(x=\sin t\):
\[
\begin{aligned}
a_{n} &= \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \sin ^{n}t\cdot \cos ^{2}t \mathrm{~d} t\\
&= \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \sin ^nt(1-\sin ^{2}t) \mathrm{~d} t\\
&= b_{n}-b_{n+2}
\end{aligned}
\]
对于 \(b_{n}\),我们根据 \(\mathrm{Wallis}\) 公式得:
\[
b_{n+2}= \frac{n+1}{n+2}b_{n}
\]
故:
\[
a_{n}=b_{n}- \frac{n+1}{n+2}\cdot b_{n}=\frac{1}{n+2}\cdot b_{n}
\]
因此:
\[
\frac{a_{n}}{b_{n}}=\frac{1}{n+2}
\]
代入最终要求的式子:
\[
\begin{aligned}
I &= \lim_{ n \to \infty } \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{1}{n+k+2}\\
&= \lim_{ n \to \infty } \frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{1}{1+\frac{k+2}{n}}\\
\end{aligned}
\]
我们把 \(\dfrac{k+2}{n}\) 看作一个整体,则可以根据 \(k\) 的上下限得到这个整体式子的上下限:
\[
\frac{2}{n} \to \frac{n+2}{n}
\]
再根据 \(n\to \infty\) 可以得到积分的上下限为:\(0\to {1}\):
\[
\begin{aligned}
I &= \int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{x+1} \mathrm{~d} x \\
&= \ln(x+1)\bigg|_{0}^1\\
&= \ln 2
\end{aligned}
\]
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